Retail rates are usually overseen by a state public utility commission, a city for a municipal utility, or a cooperative board. FERC regulates much interstate transmission and wholesale electricity, not the retail bill itself.
Retail bills, local distribution, wholesale power, and interstate transmission sit in different regulatory lanes.
Each institution has a different verb. Writing a rule, funding it, applying it, administering a service, and reviewing a dispute are not the same power.
Generates, purchases, distributes, bills, or supplies retail electricity according to its structure and approved terms.
Usually regulates retail rates and service for investor-owned utilities under state law.
Sets or approves retail terms for municipal utilities or member-owned cooperatives where that governance model applies.
Creates the state regulatory framework, commission powers, utility duties, and public-power rules.
Regulates jurisdictional interstate transmission and wholesale electricity sales.
Retail choice, public power, cooperatives, regional grid operators, and vertically integrated utilities produce different chains. Texas's ERCOT structure is one important exception within the federal-state split.
